Sunday, December 16, 2007
Wednesday, December 5, 2007
Tuesday, December 4, 2007
Sunday, December 2, 2007
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is the process by which food molecules react with oxygen and are broken down to carbon dioxide and water with net gain of captured energy in the form of ATP molecules.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants and other organisms take light energy and convert it to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.
Thursday, November 29, 2007
Monday, November 19, 2007
Sea Floor Spreading
1. What is sea floor spreading?
* sea floor spreading is the process by which new ocean floor is formed by lava erupting from a rift valley, pushing the existent floor outward from the rift.
2. What are some of the major land forms that are created from plate movement?
* sea floor spreading is the process by which new ocean floor is formed by lava erupting from a rift valley, pushing the existent floor outward from the rift.
2. What are some of the major land forms that are created from plate movement?
* Volcanoes, mountains, rift valleys, and oceans trenches.
3.How were the Mariana Islands formed?
* The southern islands are composed of volcanic rocks that have been overlain with coral-derived limestone. Subsequent tectonic movements and changing sea levels have raised many of the islands in the south considerable heights above sea level forming terraces and high cliffs.
4. What evidence exists today that the plates are still moving and that the islands are ancient volcanoes?
* Earthquakes and volcanoe activities that are still active.
5. What is an atoll?
* A coral island consisting of a ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon. Atolls are common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
6. Why are atolls mainly found on the Pacific?
3.How were the Mariana Islands formed?
* The southern islands are composed of volcanic rocks that have been overlain with coral-derived limestone. Subsequent tectonic movements and changing sea levels have raised many of the islands in the south considerable heights above sea level forming terraces and high cliffs.
4. What evidence exists today that the plates are still moving and that the islands are ancient volcanoes?
* Earthquakes and volcanoe activities that are still active.
5. What is an atoll?
* A coral island consisting of a ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon. Atolls are common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
6. Why are atolls mainly found on the Pacific?
* Because the Pacific Ocean floor has the most volcanic activities.
Tuesday, October 2, 2007
1). What is DNA?
*Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2). What are the 4 bases?
*Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine (A,T,C & G)
3). What 2 pieces if information did the scientists need to solve the elusive structure of DNA?
*One was phosphate backbone on the outside with base on the inside, and another is the molecule that was a double helix. It's also important to figure out that two strands run in opposite directions and that the molecule had a specific base pairing.
4). What are the specific base pairs?
* Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
5). How does the pairing rule effect the shape and structure of DNA?
*The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine, the same goes for the pairing cytosine and guanine. Watson was able to figure out the pairing by this information. If the bases were paired this way the rung of twisted ladder in the helix will be equal in length, and the sugar-phosphate backbone will be smooth.
6). What does the DNA do during cell division?
*The DNA is able to unzip into two pieces. One new molecule is formed from each half-ladder and due to the specific pairing it gives rise to indentical daughters copies from each parent molecule.
7). How many base pairs does E. Coli have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA
packaged in the cell?
*E. coli bacteria has 1 million base pairs. It replicates once every 20 minutes. It is curled up in a condensed fashion.
8). How many base pairs does Human DNA have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell?
*Human DNA has 3 million base pairs and make up a total of almost a meter-long stretch of DNA in every cell in our bodies. The genetic material is tightly rolled up on structures called HISTONES.
*Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2). What are the 4 bases?
*Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine (A,T,C & G)
3). What 2 pieces if information did the scientists need to solve the elusive structure of DNA?
*One was phosphate backbone on the outside with base on the inside, and another is the molecule that was a double helix. It's also important to figure out that two strands run in opposite directions and that the molecule had a specific base pairing.
4). What are the specific base pairs?
* Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
5). How does the pairing rule effect the shape and structure of DNA?
*The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine, the same goes for the pairing cytosine and guanine. Watson was able to figure out the pairing by this information. If the bases were paired this way the rung of twisted ladder in the helix will be equal in length, and the sugar-phosphate backbone will be smooth.
6). What does the DNA do during cell division?
*The DNA is able to unzip into two pieces. One new molecule is formed from each half-ladder and due to the specific pairing it gives rise to indentical daughters copies from each parent molecule.
7). How many base pairs does E. Coli have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA
packaged in the cell?
*E. coli bacteria has 1 million base pairs. It replicates once every 20 minutes. It is curled up in a condensed fashion.
8). How many base pairs does Human DNA have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell?
*Human DNA has 3 million base pairs and make up a total of almost a meter-long stretch of DNA in every cell in our bodies. The genetic material is tightly rolled up on structures called HISTONES.
1). What is RNA? How different is it from DNA?
*Ribonucleic Acid. RNA is made up of a single strand. The base T for thymine is replaced by U for uracil in RNA.
2). How are the RNA messages formed?
*The alphabet in RNA molecule contains 4 lette A, U, C, G as mentioned. To form a word in the RNA language, three letters are referred to a triplet or a condon.
3). How are the RNA messages interpreted?
*Every organism has an identical system that is able to read the RNA, interpret different condons and construct a protein with various condon of the amino acids mentioned.
1). Describe cell cycle?
* It is the orderly time that occurs when a cell divides to form two daughter cell to the time the daughter cell divides again.
2). What is nuclear division?
* Nuclear division is also known as Karyokinesis, the nucleus divides during this process. Nuclear division includes several subphases. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telaphase.
3). What is interphase?
* It's when the cell grows and metabolic activity is very high.
4). Cytokinesis
* It's when the Cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are formed.
5). Homologous chromosomes
* A pair of chromosomes containing the sane linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent. The chromosomes tend to pair or synapse during meiosis. They have the same genes, in the same location, but the genes have different versions (not in sister chromatids that are exact replicas)
6). Phase of mitosis (5 of them)
* Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
7). Phases of meiosis and how it is different from mitosis.
* Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telaphase. Meiosis makes twice as much as Mitosis.
8). Describe the process and purpose of crossing over.
* Crossing over takes place during prophase I of meiosis. In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated homologous pair of chromosomes comes together in the process called synapsis, and sections of the chromosomes are exchanged. After crossing over the results of chromosomes are neither entirely maternal nor parental, but it contains genes from both parents. Synapsis and crossing over occur only in meiosis.
*Ribonucleic Acid. RNA is made up of a single strand. The base T for thymine is replaced by U for uracil in RNA.
2). How are the RNA messages formed?
*The alphabet in RNA molecule contains 4 lette A, U, C, G as mentioned. To form a word in the RNA language, three letters are referred to a triplet or a condon.
3). How are the RNA messages interpreted?
*Every organism has an identical system that is able to read the RNA, interpret different condons and construct a protein with various condon of the amino acids mentioned.
1). Describe cell cycle?
* It is the orderly time that occurs when a cell divides to form two daughter cell to the time the daughter cell divides again.
2). What is nuclear division?
* Nuclear division is also known as Karyokinesis, the nucleus divides during this process. Nuclear division includes several subphases. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telaphase.
3). What is interphase?
* It's when the cell grows and metabolic activity is very high.
4). Cytokinesis
* It's when the Cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are formed.
5). Homologous chromosomes
* A pair of chromosomes containing the sane linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent. The chromosomes tend to pair or synapse during meiosis. They have the same genes, in the same location, but the genes have different versions (not in sister chromatids that are exact replicas)
6). Phase of mitosis (5 of them)
* Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
7). Phases of meiosis and how it is different from mitosis.
* Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telaphase. Meiosis makes twice as much as Mitosis.
8). Describe the process and purpose of crossing over.
* Crossing over takes place during prophase I of meiosis. In prophase I of meiosis, the replicated homologous pair of chromosomes comes together in the process called synapsis, and sections of the chromosomes are exchanged. After crossing over the results of chromosomes are neither entirely maternal nor parental, but it contains genes from both parents. Synapsis and crossing over occur only in meiosis.
Thursday, September 27, 2007
Plant Cell
Cell wall - a thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of it's support and structure. The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant.
Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
Vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes uo much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.
Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
Chloroplast - an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplast.
Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, formind a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenisine triphosphate) for the cell.
Cytoplasm - the jelly like material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Amyloplast - an organelle in some plant cells that starch. Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits.
Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnceted, membranous, infolded, and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm ( the ER is continuous with the outter nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transport material through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae ( which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm ( the ER is continuous with the outter nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transport materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from the rough ER, moving the newly-made protein and lipids to the Golgi body and membranesstroma.
Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
Golgi Body - (also called the Golgi appratus or Golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that look like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bond vesicles for "Export" from the cell.
Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.
Vacuole - a large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes uo much of the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell.
Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
Chloroplast - an elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll. Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplast.
Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, formind a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenisine triphosphate) for the cell.
Cytoplasm - the jelly like material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located.
Amyloplast - an organelle in some plant cells that starch. Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits.
Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnceted, membranous, infolded, and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm ( the ER is continuous with the outter nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transport material through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae ( which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm ( the ER is continuous with the outter nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transport materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from the rough ER, moving the newly-made protein and lipids to the Golgi body and membranesstroma.
Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
Golgi Body - (also called the Golgi appratus or Golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that look like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bond vesicles for "Export" from the cell.
Wednesday, September 19, 2007
CURRENTS
1. Explain how currents contribute to the distribution of marine organisms around the planet?
* Currents control the water temperature as it continuously circulates throughout the ocean. Current also supply very little oxygen in greater depths of the ocean. Several organisms need a certain degree of temperature and when currents control the temperature of the ocean this cn greatly affect them.
2. The primary factor influencing ocean currents is temperature regulation. What migth happen to the ocean currents (and has happen i the past) as global warming increase?
* As global warming increase, global sea level will increase. Since the glaciers and ice caps are melting, fresh water dumped in the ocean is lighter water over denser and warmer water. This might also affect the climate patterns.
3. Explain how density changes cause currents?
* Currents are caused by differences in the density of the ocean. These differences are due to the changes in salinity. Salinity is a measure of salt dissolved in seawater. More salinity means greater density. During the evaporation cycle, salt is left behind and causes an increase in salinity. Dense water will sink and spread out causing temperature changes and therefore changes current.
* Currents control the water temperature as it continuously circulates throughout the ocean. Current also supply very little oxygen in greater depths of the ocean. Several organisms need a certain degree of temperature and when currents control the temperature of the ocean this cn greatly affect them.
2. The primary factor influencing ocean currents is temperature regulation. What migth happen to the ocean currents (and has happen i the past) as global warming increase?
* As global warming increase, global sea level will increase. Since the glaciers and ice caps are melting, fresh water dumped in the ocean is lighter water over denser and warmer water. This might also affect the climate patterns.
3. Explain how density changes cause currents?
* Currents are caused by differences in the density of the ocean. These differences are due to the changes in salinity. Salinity is a measure of salt dissolved in seawater. More salinity means greater density. During the evaporation cycle, salt is left behind and causes an increase in salinity. Dense water will sink and spread out causing temperature changes and therefore changes current.
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
SHAPE OF LIFE
1). What organism is thought to be the first multi-cellular animal?*Ancient Sponge (known as Sponge Bob)
2). How is it the same and different from animals today. 3 examples?
*SAME - Cells, Molecules and different animal cells
*DIFFERENCE - Feed themselves, reproduce, and does not move.
3). How do Scientist know its an animal?
*They have a unique way of working together. A cell to cell organization.
4). What evidence do Scientist have to prove that other animals evolved from this organisms?
*Genetice sequences, comparing genes with sponges and some other animals.
5). What more do you want to know?
*How long do sponges live.
Monday, September 10, 2007
Hiking trip to Laulau Bay
My hiking trip to Laulau Bay on Sept. 08, 2007 was a blast. I enjoyed it. i think i lost a few pounds but that's ok i needed that, and i learned alot about our land and how it is being damaged by hunters and tree cutters (whoever they are, i don't know) =:0. I learned that burning is not good becauses it damages our natural land resources and our water. As hunters burn, they don't realize that what's being burned runs out into the ocean and damages our coral reef. Laulau bay has lots of watershed that runs out into our ocean, so whatever spills on the ground or is being drained will be washed out into the ocean.
Sunday, September 9, 2007
VIRTUAL CHEMISTRY LAB
SOUR FOODS
Question: What atoms are in sour foods?
Hypothesis:
Sour foods contain high concentration of loose hydrogen atoms.
Procedures: Number the cups up to 5, add 5 drops of food to each numbered cups, add 1 drop of dye to all the cups, put cups in order according to the color chart.
Data:
The color of the dye shows the concentrate of loose hydrogen atoms in the food. Pink has the highest concentration of loose hydrogen atoms and id the most sour. Next is orange, then olive green, then green and lastly blue.
What are acids and bases?
Two classes of chemi-al compounds that display generally opposite characteristics. Acids taste sour, turn litmus (a pink dye derived from lichens) red, and often react with some metals to produce hydrogen gas. Bases taste bitter, turn litmus blue, and feel slippery. When aqueous (water) solutions of an acid and a base are combined, a neutralization reaction occurs. This reaction is characteristically very rapid and generally produces water and a salt. For example, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, yield water and sodium sulfate:
What is a molecule?
Molecules are small particles that make up all living and non-living things.
Why is PH important in the ocean?
pH of the ocean is determined by a need to balance the deposition and burial of CaCo3 on the sea floor against the influx of Ca2+ and CO32- into the ocean from dissolving rocks on land, called weathering.
BREAD
Question: What molecules make the holes in bread?
Hypothesis:
Carbon dioxide causes the holes in bread
Procedure: Add three scoops of yeast to the tube. Add three scoops of sugar to the tube. Fill the tube with ¾ of warm water. Use the stick to stir the yeast and sugar in water. Stir until water is same color as the yeast. Then the mixture is timed for a few a minutes. Shine the flashlight on the side of the tube and watch the bubbles stream up the and notice the bubbles are very small.
Data:
Yeast is a living thing that feed on the sugar molecules. It breaks the sugar molecules apart into new molecules. Carbon dioxide gas molecules make the tiny bubbles you see in the tube
What gas causes bubbles?
Carbon dioxide gas is the cause of bubbles in bread.
How was it produced?
The gas was produced by the yeast that feeds on the on the sugar molecule and breaks the sugar molecule into new molecules.
How does CO2 get in the ocean?
The ocean absorbs CO2. CO2 dissolves easily in cold water.
Thursday, August 30, 2007
1. What is tidal range?
It is the difference in water level between succesive high and low tides.
2. What causes high and low tides?
It caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and by the rotaions of the earth, moon, and sun.
3. What causes spring and neap tides?
Spring tides are caused when the sun and the moon are in line with each other. Neap tides occur when the moon is in a quarter.
4. How does tidal range effect the types of organism and the shape and size of the organisms?
Marine organisms can only live where there is water. As the tide becomes low, some organisms shrink in size and become dry. Then when the tide becomes high, some organisms are able to replenish themselves while others that can't live without water dies out.
It is the difference in water level between succesive high and low tides.
2. What causes high and low tides?
It caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and by the rotaions of the earth, moon, and sun.
3. What causes spring and neap tides?
Spring tides are caused when the sun and the moon are in line with each other. Neap tides occur when the moon is in a quarter.
4. How does tidal range effect the types of organism and the shape and size of the organisms?
Marine organisms can only live where there is water. As the tide becomes low, some organisms shrink in size and become dry. Then when the tide becomes high, some organisms are able to replenish themselves while others that can't live without water dies out.
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